AP U.S. History – Period 5: Unit – 5 – 1844-1877 Practice Test

“… Meanwhile, Britain had extorted by the Anglo-Chinese Opium War major trade concessions in East Asia, including a lease on Hong Kong. American (chiefly New England) shipowners and merchants worried that they would now be excluded from the lucrative China trade they had cultivated since 1784. To forestall any such development, Webster’s close associate, Caleb Cushing . . . negotiated in 1844 the Treaty of Wanghai, by which the Chinese Empire accorded the United States most-favored-nation status in trade.”
-Historian Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007
The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?

“That any attempts by congress to interfere with the institution of slavery in any of the territories of the United States would create just grounds of alarm in many of the States of the union; and that such interference is unnecessary, inexpedient, and in violation of good faith; since, when any such territory applies for admission in to the union as a state, the people thereof alone have the right, and should be left free and unrestrained, to decide such question for themselves.”
-Source: State Senator Broderick, Journal of the California Legislature, 1850
The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

“In the long run, the most significant division of American opinion exacerbated by the war in Mexico was that between the North and South. The doctrine of America’s manifest destiny had not sprung originally from a slave power conspiracy but from policies with nationwide appeal and deep cultural roots. When James Knox Polk came into office, territorial expansion did not constitute a sectional issue but a party one. . . . Polk did not share Calhoun’s disposition to view all matters in terms of their impact on the slavery question. Nevertheless, as his term went by, his administration increasingly appeared narrowly southern in outlook. The president’s imperialist objectives came to prompt a bitter sectional dispute over slavery’s extension, bearing out Calhoun’s foreboding.”
-Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007
Which of the following political shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land can never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done.”
-Source: Last written words before Brown’s execution, 1859
A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

Read the excerpt and answer the question below.
“If we do not exclude slavery from the territories, it will exclude us . . . Where slave labor strikes its roots deep into the soil of a territory, free labor will not grow, but perish. We are all personally interested in this question, not indirectly and remotely, as in a mere political abstraction, but directly, pecuniarily and selfishly.”
-Speech given by Oliver P. Morton, 1860
The speech excerpted most directly reflected a growing belief after 1850 that:

“I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not
expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it
will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other.
“Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new — North as well as South. . . . Let any one who doubts, carefully contemplate that now almost complete legal combination — piece of machinery so to speak — compounded of the Nebraska doctrine, and the Dred Scott decision.”
-Source: Abraham Lincoln, “House Divided” speech, 1858
The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

-Source: Brady’s National Photographic Portrait Galleries, “A Family Quarrel,” Library of Congress, between 1861 and 1870
The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

Which senator alienated his antislavery constituents with his Seventh of March speech delivered in support of the Compromise of 1850?

In what year was Texas annexed into the United States?

“Yesterday, November the 7th, will long be a memorable day in Charleston. The tea has been thrown overboard; the revolution of 1860 has been initiated. Intense though quiet excitement prevails throughout the community. The Government officials, as our columns will show, have resigned. . . . The Federal officers who have resigned their places are expected to address the meeting to assemble as soon as the Legislatur shall have acted. Charleston is not behind the State, and will play her part in the grand drama now before us, as becomes her intelligence, her stake and her civilization. On every lip is the stern cry ‘vive la liberta!’”
-Source: The Charleston Mercury, November 8, 1860
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the editor’s views expressed in this excerpt?

Read the excerpt and answer the following question.
“The Court’s decision in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), however, not only fully validated the blatant ploys to disenfranchise black Americans and relegate them to some shadow existence between freedom and slavery, but also threw open the door to a more codified approach to removing African-Americans first from the voting rolls and then from mainstream civil life.”
-Source: Lawrence Goldstone, historian, Inherently Unequal, 2011
The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

Which president cooperated with the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans?

Which president cooperated with the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans?

After which battle did Lincoln issue the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?

The Ku Klux Klan targeted all of the following groups with its intimidation tactics EXCEPT

The overall Union war strategy was outlined in Gen. Winfield Scott’s ______________ Plan.

-Source: N. Flayderman & Co. (via Cowan’s Auctions), Wikimedia Commons, 1865
Which of the following changes to the United States during the Civil War most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?

All of the following were western trails taken by American pioneers EXCEPT

 “I think the time has come now when we should attempt the boldest moves, and my experience is that they are easier of execution than more timid ones, because the enemy is disconcerted by them— as, for instance, my recent campaign.” “I attach more importance to the deep incisions into the enemy’s country, because this war differs from European wars in this particular— we are not only fighting hostile armies, but hostile people; and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies. . . . The truth is, the whole army is burning with insatiable desire to wreak vengeance upon South Carolina. I almost tremble for her fate, but she deserves all that seems in store for her.”
-Source: General William T. Sherman, in a telegram to General Halleck, 1864
Which of the following was a key difference between the United States’ strategy and the Confederacy’s strategy during the Civil War?

“It is idle to say that a citizen shall have the right to life, yet to deny him the right to labor, whereby alone he can live. It is a mockery to say that a citizen may have a right to live, and yet deny him the right to make a contract to secure the privilege and the rewards of labor. It is worse than mockery to say that men may be clothed by the national authority with the character of citizens, yet may be stripped by State authority of the means by which citizens may exist. . . . “It is barbarous, inhuman, infamous, to turn over four million liberated slaves, always loyal to the government, to the fury of their rebel masters, who deny them the benefit of all laws for the protection of their civil rights.”
-Source: Representative William Lawrence, Congressional Globe, 1866

The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1866 which of the following was correct?